...ly, 69 of 82 DBQs are received as computable data from the MDE vendors. This allows VA to leverage automated data ingestion which develops logical mapping between DBQ fields and corresponding Veterans Benefits Management System (VBMS) rating calculators. Software automatically populates rating calculator...

...nges made in collaboration with the VBA, Optum Serve Health Services also continues to refine our automated and manual processes for preparing the claims files for the examiners. Every claim file is reviewed, and key information is identified for examiners to ensure it is not missed during the examinati...

...o diversion to other missions. Improved intelligence combined with emerging technologies, like artificial intelligence and unmanned systems, are promising tools the Coast Guard can leverage to improve these interdiction rates--but ultimately, the Service needs more resources. Illegal, unreported, and unregulate...

... Coast Guard may analyze vessel tracking data, such as vessel position information broadcasts via automated identification systems, to identify vessel movement patterns indicative of IUU fishing. These analyses help target suspect vessels. The U.S. Coast Guard also works with partner nations to help...

...ets.(16) Issuing regulations governing access and opt-out rights with respect to businesses’ use of automated decisionmaking technology, including profiling and requiring businesses’ response to access requests to include meaningful information about the logic involved in those decisionmaking processes, as w...

...nd rails safer by improving risky at-grade rail crossings, advancing lifesaving technologies like automated emergency braking, and expanding the availability of truck parking. We are doing all of this, first and foremost, so that our loved ones make it to holiday dinners and to make sure that the si...

...puts safety first, and this also informs our approach to emerging vehicle technologies, including automated driving systems, or ADS, and advanced driver assistance systems, or ADAS, too. Promoting innovation while prioritizing a strong safety culture is at the heart of NHTSA's work in this rapidly e...

...need to go hand-in-hand. A robust safety culture builds public trust in advanced technologies and automated vehicles. We are using all of our authorities and research capabilities to ensure that we advance technologies that make vehicles and roadways safer. Finally, NHTSA takes its enforcement respon...

...puts safety first, and this also informs our approach to emerging vehicle technologies, including automated driving systems, or ADS, and advanced driver assistance systems, or ADAS, too. Promoting innovation while prioritizing a strong safety culture is at the heart of NHTSA's work in this rapidly ev...

...ety must go hand in hand--a robust safety culture builds public trust in advanced technologies and automated vehicles. We are using all of our authorities and research capabilities to ensure that we advance technologies that make vehicles and roadways safer. Finally, NHTSA takes its enforcement respon...

... Mr. Nehls. The whole industry, everybody has got to. Very dangerous. A lot of truckers say an automated emergency brake mandate would jeopardize safety. It talks about one of the truckdrivers that, it was either a shadow or the guardrail caused her to lose control on this thing. Scared the hell out...

...rest in autonomous vehicles. This is an area where our focus is on the safety of the operation of automated vehicles in a way that can promote innovation. Those two things are not in conflict with each other. I don't believe that we can innovate unless automated vehicles are safe. I will start with ...

...Those two things are not in conflict with each other. I don't believe that we can innovate unless automated vehicles are safe. I will start with just a basic foundational notion, and that is that, if a vehicle is compliant with our FMVSSs, it is up to the States to determine the rules of the road and...

...etary Buttigieg is a member. There are many use cases in transportation, as you know, including in automated vehicles, advanced air mobility, and asset management and traffic demand management. At the Department, we are a regulator, we are a user, we are a funder of research, including at the Turner-...

...-we are in constant communication with the California DMV, with the PUC. As I'm sure you know, automated vehicles can be on the road if they are FMVSS certified if the local or State jurisdiction allows them to do so. However, we issued a standing general order in 2021 that requires automated vehicle...

...isdiction allows them to do so. However, we issued a standing general order in 2021 that requires automated vehicles to report every single crash in which they are engaged, and that is how we learn about the kinds of crashes that have been the focus of so much attention recently. And we then investi...

... then investigate those crashes that warrant further investigation. We have recalled more than one automated vehicle when we found problems. We also, to the degree we can, subject to confidential business information, share that information with our State and local partners and try to be as absolutel...

...tion program that would really try to marry safety with allowing for a limited deployment of some automated vehicles that might need exemptions from our Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. The idea here is to get NHTSA involved as--you can think about it as a cop on the beat, really making certai...

...ing sure the infrastructure comes together in a smart and efficient way? Mr. Monje. To support automated vehicles, sir? Mr. DeSaulnier. No. This is for everything. Mr. Monje. Oh. We have a deep partnership across industry, including in the construction realms, for road builders, with OEMs, as ...

... available at https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/02/01/2023- 02073/safe-integration-of-automated-driving-systems-ads-equipped- commercial-motor-vehicles-cmvs. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- I would note this draft rule was sent to the Office of Ma...

...to motor carriers operating commercial motor vehicles (CMVs) that are being operated by a Level 4 automated driving system (ADS). Instead of the traditional warning devices placed around a stopped autonomous CMV, as required by current regulations, these motor carriers would be allowed to operate Level 4...

...to motor carriers operating commercial motor vehicles (CMVs) that are being operated by a Level 4 automated driving system (ADS). Instead of the traditional warning devices placed around a stopped autonomous CMV, as required by current regulations, these motor carriers would be allowed to operate Level 4...

...logy development? Answer. NHTSA believes regulations for advanced safety technologies, such as automated driving systems (ADS), must optimize safety while leaving room for innovation. However, the net impacts of ADS technologies--on safety, mobility, emissions, workforce and otherwise--will be the re...

...nhance the collaboration, effectiveness, and efficiency of the agency's regulatory work related to automated technologies and vehicles. Question to Ann Carlson, Acting Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, from Hon. ...

... called AV STEP which would streamline and enhance the existing approval process for noncompliant automated vehicles. A clear, timely, modernized regulatory process that acknowledges the unique attributes of these next-generation vehicles will not only help ensure safety, but also attract new manufactur...

...o/eoDetails?rrid=353262. Question 4. Administrator Hutcheson, one of the key questions facing autonomous vehicle deployment is how they will interact with law enforcement. In your Supplemental Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on the Safe Integration of Automated Driving System (ADS)- Equipped Commercial...

... 5. Administrator Hutcheson, this Subcommittee held a hearing in September to learn more about the autonomous vehicle (AV) trucking industry in the United States.\8\ Witnesses discussed the need for regulatory certainty for safe deployment and they highlighted an unresolved issue under FMCSA's purview.\9\ A pendi...

... are going to drive innovation and economic growth in the future, the areas of quantum mechanics, artificial intelligence, the energy transition, including the new nuclear technologies that are coming on board. Senator Risch, your work on this I really appreciate because Russia entangles countries in these long-te...

...is— 13 (i) a computational process that uses 14 machine learning, natural language proc- 15 essing, artificial intelligence techniques, or 16 other computational processing techniques 17 of similar or greater complexity; or 18 (ii) a computational process derived 19 from a process described in clause (i); and 20 (B) has t...

...covered 11 algorithm’’ means a process that— 12 (A) is— 13 (i) a computational process that uses 14 machine learning, natural language proc- 15 essing, artificial intelligence techniques, or 16 other computational processing techniques 17 of similar or greater complexity; or 18 (ii) a computational process derived ...

...cures a covered al- 6 gorithm, or funds or otherwise participates in 7 the development of a covered algorithm; or 8 (B) oversees, regulates, or advises on the 9 development or use of a covered algorithm. 10 (3) C OVERED ALGORITHM .—The term ‘‘covered 11 algorithm’’ means a process that— 12 (A) is— 13 (i) a c...

...overed algorithm; or 8 (B) oversees, regulates, or advises on the 9 development or use of a covered algorithm. 10 (3) C OVERED ALGORITHM .—The term ‘‘covered 11 algorithm’’ means a process that— 12 (A) is— 13 (i) a computational process that uses 14 machine learning, natural language proc- 15 essing, artific...

... the 9 development or use of a covered algorithm. 10 (3) C OVERED ALGORITHM .—The term ‘‘covered 11 algorithm’’ means a process that— 12 (A) is— 13 (i) a computational process that uses 14 machine learning, natural language proc- 15 essing, artificial intelligence techniques, or 16 other computational proces...

...es, and TSA continues to implement nuanced processes involving facial recognition and potentially artificial intelligence, that it would behoove TSA to have access to expanded financial resources dedicated to modernizing and maintaining checkpoint security technology? Answer. We believe TSA is best positioned to d...

...at enable screening an entire pallet at one time; fast parcel systems to increase throughput; and automated alarm software that is currently being developed in partnership with DHS S&T to mitigate complete reliance on screeners. open architecture The technologies discussed ...

...g: What It Is and How To Avoid It (Nov. 13, 2017). \4\ Advanced imaging technology machines use automated recognition software to screen passengers without physical contact and locate potential metallic and non-metallic threats, such as weapons or explosives, which may be concealed under clothing. Pas...

...ministration, TSA has made impressive progress in addressing these issues by deploying an updated algorithm that reduces false alarms by 50 percent. TSA must build on this progress and protect against discriminatory outcomes in emerging technologies. Finally, we must ensure TSA fosters innovation in ...

...ministration, TSA has made impressive progress in addressing these issues by deploying an upgraded algorithm that reduces false alarms by 50 percent. TSA must build on this progress and protect against discriminatory outcomes in emerging technologies. Finally, we must ensure TSA fosters innovation in ...

...stration, TSA is moving in the right direction. In June, TSA finished deploying a new software algorithm to Advanced Imaging Technology machines across the country. The algorithm allows for gender-neutral screening and reduces false alarms for all passengers by 50 percent. TSA must build on this ...

...deploying a new software algorithm to Advanced Imaging Technology machines across the country. The algorithm allows for gender-neutral screening and reduces false alarms for all passengers by 50 percent. TSA must build on this success to further reduce invasive pat- downs, and the agency must refine i...

...n screening are also being developed and implemented. The TSA recently deployed a low false alarm algorithm for the Advanced Imaging Technology, or AIT machines, which lowers the false alarm rate for on-person screening, resulting in fewer pat-downs and improves threat detection. The TSA is researching ...

...an engineering philosophy where equipment is designed to standards so that third parties, such as algorithm providers, can provide best- of-breed technology solutions to the TSA. This ensures not only the best security capability, but also increases opportunities for small businesses to engage with TSA. ...

... and explosives. In June 2023, TSA concluded deployment of the low probability of false alarm algorithm on AIT units to increase detection capability, decrease false alarm rates, and reduce the need for a pat-down by 50 percent. Additionally, High-Definition AIT is currently being tested in the DHS ...

... officers in one of the airports we visited, anything that differs from the technology's standard algorithm will register as a potential threat and trigger an alarm, regardless of race, religion, or other characteristics. Officers in another airport noted that passengers who are wearing baggy clothing o...

...g passengers.\26\ For example, at the time of our review, TSA was in the process of developing an algorithm update for its advanced imaging technology machines which, according to officials, would increase detection rates and reduce false alarm rates for the traveling public. The update was also expected...

...s. In July 2023, TSA officials told us that, in June 2023, the agency completed deployment of the algorithm update to its advanced imaging technology machines at about 340 airports.\29\ TSA officials stated that they collected data at 20 selected airports from May 2023 through June 2023 during its annua...

...nology issue. We've made a lot of progress in this area recently. We rolled out a low false alarm algorithm last year, which not only provides better security detection on a--for on-person screening, but it lowers the false alarm rate by 50 percent. That means fewer pat-downs. That means fewer people ar...

...I know to all of you, and certainly to me. Thankfully, with advances in screening technology, algorithm procedures, equipment, we can vastly improve the screening experience, and it's something that we're all very interested in. The new technology, like advanced imaging technology, algorithms for bo...

... outbound financial investments by the United States persons into the semiconductor, quantum, and artificial intelligence sectors in China. And since President Biden issued his Executive Order, the Administration indicated it could most effectively start and implement such a program if it was codified in law. No...

...lgorithms used to 16 achieve a medical or nursing care objective at a facility, 17 systems based on artificial intelligence or machine 18 learning, or clinical practice guidelines for the 19 independent nursing judgment of a direct care registered 20 professional nurse or penalize a direct care registered 21 professional ...

...the public through the 17 promotion of content, including through the use of algorithms or other 18 automated systems that prioritize content by a method other than solely 19 by time and date such content was created, the person knows or reason- 20 ably should know: EXPLANATION--Matter in italics (underscore...

...(11) Handling violent behavior in the work- place; and (12) First-aid and CPR training, including automated external defibrillator training if available. It is prudent that laboratory personnel are also trained in how to respond to short-term, long-term and large-scale emergencies. Lab-oratory security c...

...ational risk through the development of appropriate controls and procedures and the development of automated sys-tems that are reliable, secure, and have adequate scalable capacity; (2) Establish and maintain emer- gency procedures, backup facilities, and a business continuity-disaster re-covery plan that ...

... swap data repository’s program of risk analysis and oversight with re-spect to its operations and automated systems shall address each of the fol-lowing categories of risk analysis and oversight: (1) Enterprise risk management and governance. This category includes, but is not limited to: Assessment, mi...

...and projected future ca-pacity and performance, and of possible capacity degradation due to planned automated system changes); and any other elements of capacity and per-formance planning included in gen-erally accepted best practices. (5) Systems operations. This category includes, but is not limited to: ...

... best practices with respect to the develop-ment, operation, reliability, security, and capacity of automated systems. (d) A swap data repository shall maintain a business continuity-dis- aster recovery plan and business con-tinuity-disaster recovery resources, emergency procedures, and backup fa-cilities ...

...ctions; (2) Cyber security incidents or tar- geted threats that actually or poten-tially jeopardize automated system op-eration, reliability, security, or capac-ity; and (3) Any activation of the swap data repository’s business continuity-dis-aster recovery plan. (h) A swap data repository shall give Com...

...data repository shall give Commission staff timely advance no-tice of all: (1) Planned changes to automated systems that may impact the reli-ability, security, or adequate scalable capacity of such systems; and (2) Planned changes to the swap data repository’s program of risk analysis and oversight. (i...

... or in connec- tion with Commission maintenance of a current profile of the swap data re-pository’s automated systems. (5) Nothing in paragraph (i) of this section shall be interpreted as reducing or limiting in any way a swap data re-pository’s obligation to comply with §1.31 of this chapter, or with §49....

... (j) A swap data repository shall con- duct regular, periodic, objective test-ing and review of its automated sys-tems to ensure that they are reliable, secure, and have adequate scalable ca-pacity. It shall also conduct regular, periodic testing and review of its busi-ness continuity-disaster recovery capa-...

...loyed by the swap data repository in order to protect the reliability, security, or capacity of its automated systems or the confiden-tiality, integrity, and availability of its SDR data and SDR information, and in order to enable the swap data repository to fulfill its statutory and regulatory duties and re...

...rity, and availability of SDR data and SDR information or the reliability, security, or capacity of automated systems. External penetration testing means at- tempts to penetrate the swap data re-pository’s automated systems from outside the systems’ boundaries to identify and exploit vulnerabilities. Metho...

...ed systems. External penetration testing means at- tempts to penetrate the swap data re-pository’s automated systems from outside the systems’ boundaries to identify and exploit vulnerabilities. Methods of conducting external pene-tration testing include, but are not limited to, methods for circumventing t...

...tion testing include, but are not limited to, methods for circumventing the security features of an automated system. Internal penetration testing means at- tempts to penetrate the swap data re-pository’s automated systems from in-side the systems’ boundaries, to iden-tify and exploit vulnerabilities. Meth-...

...ted system. Internal penetration testing means at- tempts to penetrate the swap data re-pository’s automated systems from in-side the systems’ boundaries, to iden-tify and exploit vulnerabilities. Meth-ods of conducting internal penetration testing include, but are not limited to, methods for circumventing ...

...ion testing include, but are not limited to, methods for circumventing the secu-rity features of an automated system. Key controls means those controls that an appropriate risk analysis deter-mines are either critically important for effective system safeguards or in-tended to address risks that evolve or ...

... physical security event that ac-tually jeopardizes or has a significant likelihood of jeopardizing automated system operation, reliability, security, or capacity, or the availability, con-fidentiality, or integrity of SDR data. Security incident response plan means a written plan documenting the swap data...

...s, and comprehen- sive exercises. Vulnerability testing means testing of a swap data repository’s automated systems to determine what informa-tion may be discoverable through a re-connaissance analysis of those systems and what vulnerabilities may be present on those systems. (2) Vulnerability testing. A ...

...k analysis, but no less fre-quently than quarterly. (ii) Such vulnerability testing shall include automated vulnerability scan-ning, which shall follow generally ac-cepted best practices. (iii) A swap data repository shall con- duct vulnerability testing by engaging independent contractors or by using emp...

...guards testing and assessment required by this part shall be broad enough to include the testing of automated systems and con-trols that the swap data repository’s required program of risk analysis and oversight and its current cybersecurity threat analysis indicate is necessary to identify risks and vulnera...

...velopment and deployment--LIDAR (light detection and ranging), programming, machine learning, and artificial intelligence--should be emphasized by federal agencies so that America leads in the development of connected and automated heavy-duty trucking technology. As noted by the Congressional Research Service in a 20...

... autonomous vehicle development and deployment--LIDAR (light detection and ranging), programming, machine learning, and artificial intelligence--should be emphasized by federal agencies so that America leads in the development of connected and automated heavy-duty trucking technology. As noted by the Congressi...

...38\ Establishing a federal framework for testing and deployment of vehicles with advanced sensors, machine learning algorithms, and real-time data processing capabilities will ensure that we do not fall behind and forfeit our global dominance in innovation. It is also important to remember that autonomous vehic...

...reasingly, we have very sophisticated computer chips required to process artificial intelligence, machine learning, very complex calculations in realtime, certainly for safety. But along with that, and as you may know, if I can point again to some common standard, like our iPhones, we have a chip, a logic ...

...p.'' The purpose of this hearing is to allow Members of the Subcommittee to explore the impact of automated commercial motor vehicle (CMV) deployment and its potential impact on our economy, the transportation and logistics industry, and supply chains, while enhancing safety and maintaining American lea...

... II. BACKGROUND Automated vehicles (AVs), including self-driving cars and automated trucks and buses, are vehicles in which the safety- critical control functions (e.g., steering, acceleration, or braking) can occur without direct driver input and enable autonomous operation.\1\ T...

...ed in driving.\8\ Only\\ vehicles equipped with levels 3, 4, or 5 automation are considered automated vehicles. The combination of hardware and software that automates control functions of AVs is called the automated driving system (ADS).\9\ Vehicles with levels 0-2 automation are considered equip...

...s. The combination of hardware and software that automates control functions of AVs is called the automated driving system (ADS).\9\ Vehicles with levels 0-2 automation are considered equipped with automated driver assistance systems (ADAS). Many vehicles available today are equipped with some automatio...

...utomated driving system (ADS).\9\ Vehicles with levels 0-2 automation are considered equipped with automated driver assistance systems (ADAS). Many vehicles available today are equipped with some automation (levels 1-2), which includes features such as automatic emergency braking and lane centering.\10\...

...y Admin., Automated Vehicles for Safety, available at https://www.nhtsa.gov/technology-innovation/ automated-vehicles-safety#::text=An%20automated %20driving%20system%20(ADS,human%20driver%20to%20do%20so [hereinafter AVs for Safety]. \10\ SAE Levels of Driving Automation<SUP>TM</SUP> Refined for Clar...

...------------------------------------------------ Reflecting the changes required for inspecting automated trucks, in October 2022, CVSA announced an Enhanced CMV Inspection Program for Autonomous Truck Motor Carriers that ``establishes a no-defect, point-of-origin inspection program for ADS-equipped ...

...municate to law enforcement while in-motion that it passed the origin/ destination inspection, its automated driving systems (as a whole) are functioning, and it is operating within its operational design domain. Those ADS vehicles will then bypass fixed inspection sites. En-route roadside inspections of...

...------------------------ VI. REGULATORY ACTIONS FEDERAL ACTIONS_ As automated vehicles are still in development, AV regulatory regimes are still in their beginning stages.\43\ At the Federal level, AV safety is overseen by NHTSA. Although there is no overarching Federal fra...

...here is little publicly available data on collision rates and vehicle safety.\46\ NHTSA encourages automated vehicle manufacturers to submit Voluntary Safety Self-Assessments (VSSAs) demonstrating their approaches to safe testing and deployment of AVs.\47\ To date, 28 companies have submitted VSSAs to N...

...'l Hwy Traffic Safety Admin., Voluntary Safety Self- Assessment, available at https://www.nhtsa.gov/automated-driving- systems/voluntary-safety-self-assessment. \49\ Nat'l Hwy Traffic Safety Admin., AV TEST Initiative, (last accessed Aug. 31, 2023), available at https://www.nhtsa.gov/automated- vehicle-...

...fety Admin., AV TEST Initiative, (last accessed Aug. 31, 2023), available at https://www.nhtsa.gov/automated- vehicle-test-tracking-tool. \50\ Nat'l Hwy Traffic Safety Admin., Standing General Order on Crash Reporting for Levels of Driving Automation 2-5, (Apr. 2023), available at https://www.nhtsa.go...

...MCSRs that may need to be updated, modified, or eliminated to facilitate the safe introduction of automated commercial motor vehicles.\52\ Potentially affected FMCSRs included Licensing and Driver Qualifications, Hours of Service, and Safe Driving.\53\ In February 2023, FMCSA published a Supplemental Ad...

... available at https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/02/01/2023-02073/ safe-integration-of-automated-driving-systems-ads-equipped-commercial- motor-vehicles-cmvs. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Additionally, in March 2023, FMCSA announced it had rece...

...www.nhtsa.gov/press-releases/us-department-transportation-releases- preparing-future-transportation-automated [hereinafter Automated Vehicles 3.0]. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- WORKFORCE IMPACTS_ While it is difficult to determine the exact impact AVs wi...

... and offers potential improvements in overall fuel economy.\79\ A study shows that platooning with automated trucks can reduce fuel consumption by 10 to 25 percent and reduce emissions.\80\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \77\ Automated Vehicles 3.0, supra n...

...ountry. During our hearing today, we will explore the benefits realized from the deployment of automated commercial motor vehicles, or CMVs. First, autonomous trucks can increase safety on our Nation's roadways and save lives. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates that 42,7...

...he country. During our hearing today, we will explore the benefits realized from the deployment of automated commercial motor vehicles (CMVs). First, autonomous trucks can increase safety on our Nation's roadways and save lives. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates tha...

..., for holding this hearing. It is an opportunity today for Members to learn about the state of the automated commercial motor vehicle industry--what is happening now, what we might see in the future, and how these technological changes will impact public safety, jobs, and the movement of goods. The T...

...is hearing. Today's hearing is an opportunity for Members to learn more about the state of the automated commercial motor vehicle industry--what's happening now, what we might see in the future, and how these technological changes will impact public safety, jobs and the movement of goods. The T&I...

...t support technicians, giving them the tools they need to maintain autonomous vehicles and support automated vehicle operations. This complements the work we do with Gallatin College in Bozeman, Montana, where Aurora is investing in new educational programs to train sensor technicians. As the nee...

...on these important issues. You may be wondering what the Government can do to support American automated vehicle technology. I am looking forward to answering your questions you may have about our cab-mounted warning beacon exemption application pending before FMCSA. Granting the application would...

... will benefit America. America must maintain this competitive advantage and continue to invest in automated vehicle technology. After two decades in the autonomous vehicle industry, I am incredibly excited and motivated by the future in front of us as a country. I look forward to answering your q...

... Chris Urmson and I am the CEO and Co-founder of Aurora. I have twenty years of experience leading automated vehicle programs, which started when I was the Director of Technology for Carnegie Mellon's DARPA Grand and Urban Challenge Teams in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. After the DARPA Challenges, my family...

...ating the loss of life on our roadway will not happen overnight, but we must move with urgency and automated vehicles will be part of the solution. The United States has been an incredible place to build and grow Aurora, and I look forward to seeing the nation benefit from this important technology. Than...

...s human interaction only in specific situations. Only Level 3, 4, and 5 vehicles are equipped with automated driving systems (``ADS''). See Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles--J3016_202104, SAE International, https://www.sae.org/standards/c...

...HTSA has required AV companies to report every incident--no matter how minor--that occurs while an automated driving system (``ADS'') is engaged as part of Standing General Order 2021-01 (``SGO'').\10\ During this period, only one reported incident involving an autonomous truck resulted in injuries, and ...

...ent by up to 35,000 jobs per year on average.\12\ As demand for freight hauling continues to grow, automated trucks can help shippers keep up with that demand, supplementing and augmenting human driven fleets. With AVs hauling more long-haul freight, more opportunities will be created for truck drivers i...

...EU''). In August 2022, the European Commission issued the first EU-wide safety regulations for the automated driving systems of ``fully automated'' vehicles, enabling EU-wide approvals for commercial deployment of vehicles with these systems.\59\ This marked the first multinational safety regulation for ...

...mmission issued the first EU-wide safety regulations for the automated driving systems of ``fully automated'' vehicles, enabling EU-wide approvals for commercial deployment of vehicles with these systems.\59\ This marked the first multinational safety regulation for fully automated vehicles and provided...

...f vehicles with these systems.\59\ This marked the first multinational safety regulation for fully automated vehicles and provided added certainty to the AV industry but also a significant competitive advantage for the region. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ...

...the critical role they play the other 51 weeks of the year. Today's hearing examines the impact automated commercial vehicles will have on consumers, our supply chain, and the United States ability to remain a global innovator. What is key to each is our industry's ability to safely and responsibl...

... commerce. Federal guidance should treat commercial and passenger vehicles equally and require automated vehicles to achieve an acceptable level of safety and performance rather than requiring the use of specific technologies. The ATA and its members commit to working with this subcommittee to he...

...that some fear may eliminate the role of the driver. However, we must realize that development of automated technology for vehicles does not mean that all vehicles will become ``driverless vehicles'' and that truck driving jobs will simply be eliminated. The reality is much more complex. Given the varie...

... there will continue to be a role and need for drivers as part of a logistics system that includes automated trucks. ATA believes that automated trucks will be a tool that will help improve the efficiency of freight movement and help address a shortage of drivers, not replace them. Driver responsibilitie...

... need for drivers as part of a logistics system that includes automated trucks. ATA believes that automated trucks will be a tool that will help improve the efficiency of freight movement and help address a shortage of drivers, not replace them. Driver responsibilities may adjust over time with deployme...

...tage of drivers, not replace them. Driver responsibilities may adjust over time with deployment of automated technologies, but the industry continues to need drivers, our greatest asset. It is both timely and important that the Highways and Transit Subcommittee holds today's hearing to consider the fu...

...portant that the Highways and Transit Subcommittee holds today's hearing to consider the future of automated commercial motor vehicles, as well as their likely impact on society, the supply chain and U.S. economic leadership. This subcommittee knows well that trucking is the dynamic lynchpin of the U.S. ...

...ruptions have exposed the need for greater flexibility to meet these new challenges. ATA believes automated driving systems (ADS) will significantly enhance the safety, efficiency, and productivity of the U.S. freight and logistics system and provide 21st century solutions to meet 21st century challenges...

...nations. The trucking industry has a substantial stake in the enhancements to road safety that automated and connected vehicle technology will provide. America's roads and bridges are truck drivers' workplace, and safety is of paramount importance. The safety gains achieved by removing human error--a...

...-------- As the Transportation and Infrastructure Committee, which maintains jurisdiction over automated vehicle technologies in commercial motor vehicles, considers legislation to guide federal policy and regulations on autonomous vehicles (AVs), ATA encourages a multi-modal approach that prioritize...

...rtation on this very issue and shared the trucking industry's perspective on how the deployment of automated trucks might play out.\7\ That discussion focused on the potential safety benefits and the opportunities to improve the resiliency of our supply chain. I testified on timelines and relayed the dif...

...would follow deliberate and measured steps towards maturity. Since that hearing, we have seen the automated vehicle technology available for heavy-duty trucks and vehicles of all sizes grow by leaps and bounds to the cusp of commercialization. In the six years since my previous testimony, Congress has m...

...------------------------- \7\ https://www.commerce.senate.gov/2017/9/transportation- innovation-automated-trucks-and-our-nation-s-highways --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Our predictions from six years ago were accurate. Developers have built robust and sa...

...uilt robust and safe testing programs across many different parts of the trucking industry. We see automated trucks in development for heavy-duty and medium-duty use, for highway and off-highway applications, and for public roads and private yards. These developments are data-driven and based on needs id...

...patiently working with industry partners to understand their needs and concerns. We have seen that automated trucks have not and will not show up everywhere all at once. The developers understand the complexity and diversity of our industry and are carefully following the maturity of the technology. ----...

... disposal to exercise federal oversight and facilitate the safe testing and initial deployments of automated vehicles in the United States. These tools include guidance documents such as AV 4.0 \10\ (issued in 2020) and DOT's 2021 Automated Vehicles Comprehensive Plan \11\, which identify roles and respo...

...---------------------------------------- \10\ https://www.transportation.gov/policy-initiatives/automated- vehicles/av-40. \11\ https://www.transportation.gov/av/avcp. \12\ https://www.nhtsa.gov/laws-regulations/standing-general-order- crash-reporting. \13\ Understanding NHTSA's Regulatory To...

...t of regulations that remove unnecessary barriers created by existing rules that did not envision automated driving, while establishing a clear regulatory baseline for companies developing or deploying automated vehicles. An updated federal regulatory framework that reflects the difference between human...

...ated driving, while establishing a clear regulatory baseline for companies developing or deploying automated vehicles. An updated federal regulatory framework that reflects the difference between human operators and ADS is critical to preserving a seamless set of safety standards across the country that ...

...country that provides assurance to the public and certainty to companies developing and deploying automated vehicles. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \14\ https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/02/01/2023- 02073/safe-integration-of- automated-driving-...

...---- \14\ https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/02/01/2023- 02073/safe-integration-of- automated-driving-systems-ads-equipped-commercial-motor-vehicles-cmvs. \15\ https://www.nhtsa.gov/speeches-presentations/automated-road- transportation-symposium- arts23-keynote-address (accessed September...

...-ads-equipped-commercial-motor-vehicles-cmvs. \15\ https://www.nhtsa.gov/speeches-presentations/automated-road- transportation-symposium- arts23-keynote-address (accessed September 7, 2023). --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Beyond the federal regulatory acti...

...on and Infrastructure Committee to take part in those discussions and negotiations to ensure that automated commercial motor vehicles are a part of that dialogue. Automated Driving Technology Strengthens Highway Safety: The trucking industry has a substantial stake in the success of safe auto...

...rengthens Highway Safety: The trucking industry has a substantial stake in the success of safe automated and connected vehicle technology. America's roads and bridges are truck drivers' workplace. Safety is not just a slogan; it is of paramount importance. There were 13.9 million medium and heavy- dut...

...luding the overall majority of truck- related crashes being the fault of the passenger vehicle,\19\ automated vehicle technology has the potential to decrease fatal crashes. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \16\ S&P Global, U.S. Freight Transportation Forecast ...

...this safety technology, opponents will cite those barriers as a reason for why we should not have automated vehicle technologies rather than engaging in conversations with stakeholders as to how we can overcome these barriers and advance these meaningful and lifesaving efforts. Holding innovation hostag...

...ders in these discussions. Automated Driving Technology and Addressing Cybersecurity: As automated vehicle technologies have advanced for both passenger and commercial motor vehicles, some have expressed concerns that the shift to autonomy may pose significant cybersecurity risks. Just as autom...

...e expressed concerns that the shift to autonomy may pose significant cybersecurity risks. Just as automated driving technology has the potential to bring safety benefits to the motoring public, steps must be taken to ensure that deployment of these technologies do not create vulnerabilities as a result o...

...e the US GDP but would also increase employment.\33\ Today, the issue is increasing all levels of automated technology to improve safety and productivity. To increase the availability and accessibility of such technology, testing must be undertaken safely and responsibly. Policymakers should not ignore t...

... needed to perform the same work. While ATA believes that the increase in productivity provided by automated trucks will help address the driver shortage in the face of increasing demand for freight transportation by truck,\34\ we do not dismiss the importance of considering the potential impacts on the ...

... --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The integration of automated driving systems in trucking could lower freight transportation costs and enhance productivity, leading to greater economic activity and job creation in the transportation and logistics industries ...

...hould be emphasized by federal agencies so that America leads in the development of connected and automated heavy-duty trucking technology. As noted by the Congressional Research Service in a 2021 report, the pace of commercialization for autonomous technologies has slowed in reaction to accidents invol...

...h in California, which will be required to be operated by humans, will operate alongside over 100 automated vehicles and 70 driverless container-stacking cranes at the most automated port terminal in the U.S.\40\ However, these investments in automation are lamentably rare in the U.S. where only four of ...

...ate alongside over 100 automated vehicles and 70 driverless container-stacking cranes at the most automated port terminal in the U.S.\40\ However, these investments in automation are lamentably rare in the U.S. where only four of 360 commercial ports have at least semi-automated terminals,\41\ and those ...

...omation are lamentably rare in the U.S. where only four of 360 commercial ports have at least semi-automated terminals,\41\ and those terminals still rank relatively low for efficiency among their global peers according to the 2023 Container Port Performance Index.\42\ We all saw firsthand as we emerged ...

...OT continues its work to establish a regulatory framework to support the testing and deployment of automated commercial and passenger vehicles on U.S. roadways, it is important that Congress support these efforts or, at a minimum, not harm or impair the industry's ongoing efforts to advance AV technology...

...ovide the certainty needed for all stakeholders to continue their efforts to bring the benefits of automated vehicles to the U.S. transportation and logistics systems. As Congress considers legislative action to support automated vehicle technology, ATA encourages Congress to adopt a multi-modal approach...

...the U.S. transportation and logistics systems. As Congress considers legislative action to support automated vehicle technology, ATA encourages Congress to adopt a multi-modal approach and prioritize commercial motor vehicles, heavy specialty vehicles, trailer- combination vehicles, and passenger vehicles...

...obal leader in technology and innovation. While some have raised concern about the impacts that automated vehicle technologies will have on the future of work for truck drivers, I would reemphasize that our drivers are the trucking industry's best and most cherished asset. As we recognize and celebrat...

... recognize and celebrate National Truck Driver Appreciation Week this week, we should consider how automated vehicle technologies can improve safety, operations, and productivity for those amazing men and women who will continue to play a critical and necessary role in our supply chain. As the Transp...

...ongress consider and debate a legislative federal framework for the development and deployment of automated vehicle technologies, those efforts should take a multi-modal approach to include all road users--both passenger as well as commercial motor vehicles--and the supporting infrastructure. Congress s...

...hicles--and the supporting infrastructure. Congress should evaluate the benefits of connected and automated technology on public safety and the economy and review regulations to take advantage of the capabilities provided by these new innovations. Implementing a seamless set of guidelines and safety sta...

...untry. The trucking industry should not be left out of any legislation that supports innovation in automated vehicle technology. As you endeavor in these efforts, I, and the members of the American Trucking Associations, stand ready to support and work hand- in-hand with you. Thank you again, Chairman ...

...fatality and injury toll since our inception in 1989. Automated, or autonomous, vehicles (AVs) and automated commercial motor vehicles (ACMVs) may be able to contribute to this goal. However, this outcome cannot be achieved in the absence of effective regulations setting minimum performance standards, as...

...re Impacts: The IIJA includes directives to the U.S. DOT to conduct research on the impacts of automated, connected and platooned vehicles on the infrastructure including wear on roadway pavements as well as a report to Congress on the existing and future impacts of AVs to transportation infrastructu...

...--------------------------------- Moreover, several fatal crashes involving cars equipped with automated driving systems (ADS) or varying levels of driving automation have been subject to investigation by the NTSB and NHTSA. These investigations have and will continue to identify safety deficiencies, ...

...rash avoidance systems are disabled are critical. Consumer Reports (CR) currently rates partially automated driving systems, but only if they have adequate driver monitoring systems.\81\ IIHS has announced that it plans to issue ratings on the performance of the safeguards that partial automation employ...

...l and dangerous scenario if these vehicles are only subject to voluntary guidelines. In addition, automated passenger carrying CMVs which have the potential to carry as many as 53 passengers will need additional comprehensive federal rules specific to this mode of travel. At a minimum, ACMVs must be ...

...ACMV must be required to submit a safety assessment report that details the safety performance of automated driving systems and automated vehicles. Manufacturers must be required to promptly report to NHTSA all crashes involving ACMVs causing fatalities, injuries and property damage. <bullet> ACMVs...

...t a safety assessment report that details the safety performance of automated driving systems and automated vehicles. Manufacturers must be required to promptly report to NHTSA all crashes involving ACMVs causing fatalities, injuries and property damage. <bullet> ACMVs that do not comply with Feder...

...e vehicle's identification number; manufacturer, make, and model; the level of automation of each automated driving system with which the vehicle is equipped; the ODD of each automated driving system; and, the FMVSS, if any, from which the vehicle has been exempted. Also, when ACMVs move beyond testing i...

...f automation of each automated driving system with which the vehicle is equipped; the ODD of each automated driving system; and, the FMVSS, if any, from which the vehicle has been exempted. Also, when ACMVs move beyond testing into deployment, they should be required to comply with the SGO. <bullet>...

...ng ACMVs, position within a lane could lead to accelerated wear in lanes, and condensed convoys of automated trucks, commonly known as platooning, could place further strain on roads and bridges. These concerns must be evaluated to consider operational constraints for AVs and ACMVs before further damage ...

...ert-panel-on-autonomous-vehicle- av-safety-3-7-23-public/. In sum, no country is selling fully automated vehicles to the public and by many accounts, none will be for a significant time in the future.\100\ The U.S. is not behind other countries in allowing them to go to market, but we are behind in e...

... Mr. Urmson. Thank you for the question. Obviously, cybersecurity is a much broader topic than automated vehicles. We have this challenge whether it is with our industrial infrastructure or with vehicles that are on the road today. At Aurora, we take this very seriously. Our whole business is our...

...t should Congress and the Department of Transportation be doing to ensure that partially and fully automated vehicles will prioritize the safety of those walking and bicycling on our roads? Ms. Chase. Thank you for the question, Ranking Member Norton. I want to first clarify that my staff informe...

...e hours-of-service requirements. So, in sum, there are steps that can be taken on the path to automated trucks that could be saving lives now. Ms. Norton. Thank you. Mr. Farrah, now, I think, if I recall correctly, that you said displacement would not occur, that the autonomous vehicle compan...

... Mr. Urmson. Thank you for the question. I think this is an important concept to understand in automated vehicles. Mr. Larsen of Washington. Can you speak up and just pull the microphone---- Mr. Urmson [interrupting]. I apologize. I will try. Is that any better, sir? Mr. Larsen of Washingt...

...to meet the world where it is today. And so, if it is good for human drivers, it will be good for automated vehicles. So, there are benefits to road safety of having clear markings for people driving on those roads. If it is good for people, it will be good for us. Mrs. Napolitano. But who does the ...

... road, someone has to get out into the roadway and put warning triangles behind it. Obviously, our automated vehicles, the intent is to not have an ability to go do that. We have developed a--we call it a beacon. You can think of it as lights, right, like, on the back of a tow truck that are on the s...

...u believe will be the impact on the type and number of jobs in the trucking industry by increased automated trucking? Mr. Spear. As I said earlier, Congresswoman, I think that there is an opportunity for both innovation and the existing workforce to coexist. We have a gap. We have a shortage of t...

...ally empower a driver to be safer in operating their equipment. We are a ways yet to see fully automated driverless trucks out there, but the progression toward that, we believe there is plenty of space without displacing drivers. Mrs. Napolitano. Thank you, sir. Thank you, Mr. Chair. Mr. ...

...eve that prudence requires that we should be even more cautious about deploying level 3, 4, and 5 automated commercial motor vehicles on our roads than we should be about the deployment of autonomous automobiles? And if so, why? Ms. Chase. Thank you for your question, Congressman. Also, thank you ve...

...trouble getting to the destination to put out the fire or to render life-or-death aid to a person, automated vehicles are interfering with that process? Ms. Chase. Yes, it is. In fact, in addition to the firetrucks, there was a live crime shooting scene in San Francisco, and the police department cou...

...ul as we move forward. Ms. Chase. Yes, sir. Mr. Johnson of Georgia. We certainly know that automated vehicles are coming, but we need to be careful about rolling them out and deploying them on our streets. You have heard the argument that deployment of autonomous trucks on the road will actua...

... be more aware, more responsive. Some of the most basic things that we have talked about, like automated emergency braking, to adaptive cruise control, to more integrated systems, we are teaching not only the drivers, but the technicians how to service this equipment. These are all things that are...

... Mr. Stanton. Similar question. Does the current workforce have the skills necessary to operate automated technology, or will fleets need to undertake significant retraining or recruitment of new drivers? Mr. Spear. Yes, I would be happy to. Listen, I think our workforce is very excited about g...

...day, but every day, for their professionalism and their safety on the roads. As we talk about automated trucking, it is important that development of this technology, I believe, must be done in consultation and coordination with our truckdrivers. They have years of experience driving millions of mil...

...cia of Illinois. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And thanks to all the witnesses this morning. The automated trucks that we are talking about this morning are way upwards of 80,000 pounds. They are massive, heavy, and not particularly agile machines. So, when crashes happen, the risks are immense, especi...

...ment. Given that, do you think that the same basic measures can be used to adequately regulate automated commercial vehicles? Ms. Chase. I think that we need new, additional safety standards when we are talking about automated trucks. These are very sophisticated systems, and they can be prone ...

...es? Ms. Chase. I think that we need new, additional safety standards when we are talking about automated trucks. These are very sophisticated systems, and they can be prone to cybersecurity hacks. They can be prone to multiple disengagements and different problems on the roads. So, without the...

... Also, this question is for you, Mr. Urmson. China is America's lead competitor in the race to automated vehicle technology. For hundreds of reasons, not the least of which is the valuable data collected and transmitted by this technology, it is imperative that the U.S. maintain our lead. Is ther...

...te as you like. I am very concerned about that we are able to maintain America's leadership in automated vehicles. This covers many domains, including air and commercial vehicles like we are talking about here, as well as cars and trucks that we drive every day. There are a lot of good issues tha...

...n America to support the growth of this industry. Simply put, I want American workers building automated vehicles in America, and I want them supplied with American components that also are built right here. And one of the key things that I would like to focus on specifically is the amount of dat...

... key things that I would like to focus on specifically is the amount of data that is generated by automated vehicles. I have often heard them described as rolling data centers. There is a quote from a former CEO of Intel who said that automated vehicles will generate 4 terabytes of data per day, and I c...

...them described as rolling data centers. There is a quote from a former CEO of Intel who said that automated vehicles will generate 4 terabytes of data per day, and I can say that that's 16 times more than the storage I have on my relatively modern iPhone. That's a lot of data, and we are seeing that ...

...y of you will be traveling by aircraft, and I would just point out that those aircrafts are highly automated and that the pilots do very little, even all the way to approach. So, I think if you trust your air travel with automation, I think we can probably trust our road travel with automation in th...

...ton. Mr. Urmson is nodding his head there, right? So, the idea is that we are safe traveling on automated planes and yet, therefore, we should assume we are safe traveling on highways with automated vehicles is just plain wrong by the facts. I am concerned about the fact that a lot of people get i...

...g on automated planes and yet, therefore, we should assume we are safe traveling on highways with automated vehicles is just plain wrong by the facts. I am concerned about the fact that a lot of people get in their Teslas assuming that they can push a button and they will have fully autonomous drivi...

...ween driver assistance technologies, which are what we believe is in the Tesla product, and fully automated driving is what we are talking about developing. At Aurora, we take that safety responsibility very seriously. We have shared transparently our approach to developing a safe system. It is a hol...

...ing to happen, and it sure did. As the years go by, it is going to be cheaper for you to do it automated eventually, and it is going to be maybe easier, I don't know, because we are going to have to see what the outcome is. But I feel we are losing small businesses in this country at every level. ...

...er you are gone and I am gone, I will be gone first--there will be a time when everything will be automated, including the service work that needs to be done and everything else? I mean, if we can drive huge trucks on the road automated, I don't know why we couldn't do the service automated. I me...

...work that needs to be done and everything else? I mean, if we can drive huge trucks on the road automated, I don't know why we couldn't do the service automated. I mean, literally, do you picture a time, generations in the future, where you will be a totally automated company, and there will only ...

...an, if we can drive huge trucks on the road automated, I don't know why we couldn't do the service automated. I mean, literally, do you picture a time, generations in the future, where you will be a totally automated company, and there will only be corporate leadership that will be human? Mr. Urms...

... I mean, literally, do you picture a time, generations in the future, where you will be a totally automated company, and there will only be corporate leadership that will be human? Mr. Urmson. I don't think my imagination is that big, but what I would reflect on is that if I think back to a time well...

...y with that. Dr. Van Drew. One point I would make, too. We spoke about airplanes, and they are automated to a great degree. There are always two pilots still in the plane. And that is what concerns me. If we were automating but there would still be somebody, a human being that knew how to drive a...

...ed a standing general order on AV crash reporting, requiring manufacturers of fully and partially automated vehicles to report crash data. Do you support the continuation of this standing order? And would you support its expansion to include additional information, such as on disengagements or transf...

... a human driver, to help the public, the consumer, better understand the reliability and safety of automated vehicles? Mr. Farrah. Congressman, thank you very much for that question. I think that I have come back a few different times during this testimony to talk about the importance of the stand...

...y much in our interest to protect it. Mr. Burchett. Mr. Spear, what is the ATA doing to ensure automated commercial motor vehicles are not vulnerable to cyber attacks? Mr. Spear. We have a Technology and Maintenance Council, a Law Enforcement Advisory Board. We have worked closely with the Commer...

... much different from theirs in terms of there is going to be a very low acceptance of any kind of automated risks here, just like in the aviation space where one accident has much more ripple effects throughout the entire industry. And I am also the cochair of the Supply Chain Caucus, which we refou...

...for me is what happened with automation in the banking industry. So, everyone was worried that as automated tellers took place, there would be no job for tellers anymore, and, in fact, the opposite has occurred. Because it reduced the friction of delivering the service, it allowed people to be in be...

...erica's truckdrivers but also the weakness in our supply chain. I will tell you that obviously automated commercial vehicles are exciting. It is a technology that we already know is underway and being used, as my colleague referenced. What I want to, however, put an exclamation mark next to is th...

...rica. CVSA commends the subcommittee for holding a hearing to consider the impacts of allowing automated commercial motor vehicles to operate on our roadways. The hearing offered a timely opportunity for Members to engage with industry stakeholders to better understand the state of automated driving ...

...ly opportunity for Members to engage with industry stakeholders to better understand the state of automated driving system (ADS) technology and the potential impacts to roadway safety and supply chain efficiency. CVSA and its members are committed to reducing crashes, injuries and fatalities on our n...

...light this opportunity, Gatik's autonomous trucks have never been involved in an incident with our automated driving system (ADS) engaged. Our approach to safety, in the development and deployment of Gatik's SAE Level 4 autonomous fleet, is built upon ``structured autonomy''. By this we mean transporting...

...es and directly address workforce and public safety issues that are being created by increasingly automated vehicles. Absent a comprehensive framework to govern the development, testing, and deployment of AVs, we run the risk of undermining the existing level safety on our roads, as well as hundreds of ...

...e of autonomous trucking, the Teamsters Union calls on members to consider not just the status of automated trucking technology as advertised by manufacturers, but the totality of salient and essential issues related to its use and the Committee's role in the future of the technology. To date, both C...

...ss and regulators have yet to enact a meaningful federal framework to assess, regulate and oversee automated vehicles of any stripe. The implications of a lack of federal oversight have made itself readily apparent as AV testing and deployment of certain vehicles has expanded. In recent weeks, technology...

... and deployment of certain vehicles has expanded. In recent weeks, technology failure of Cruise's automated robotaxis in San Francisco has resulted in preventing first responders from quickly transporting a critically injured pedestrian, who later died, to a hospital. The San Francisco Fire Department r...

...------------ While no developing technology is perfect, the stakes are immeasurably higher for automated 80,000 pound trucks, wherein the severity of a crash poses risks of several orders higher magnitude than a light duty passenger car. Congress must appreciate these risks, and its role in mitigatin...

...er, this Committee's jurisdiction also extends to considerations of workforce impacts, if and when automated trucking technologies change or otherwise impact existing professions in the industry. It is our strong belief that any Congressional activity on vehicle automation that does not also consider the...

...ederal Policy Principles''. This attached document offers a pro-safety, pro-worker path forward as automated trucks are tested and deployed. We look forward to working with this Committee to implement these recommendations into future efforts as the need for a robust federal framework becomes increasingl...

...Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) address the design, construction, and performance of highly-automated vehicles and automated driving systems (instead of regulating by waiver). <bullet> This must include object and event detection and response, how a vehicle responds when its tech fails, how ...

...ndards (FMVSS) address the design, construction, and performance of highly-automated vehicles and automated driving systems (instead of regulating by waiver). <bullet> This must include object and event detection and response, how a vehicle responds when its tech fails, how a vehicle interacts wit...

... <bullet> New FMVSS should differentiate between types of AVs--a one size fits all approach for automated light duty passenger vehicles, transit buses, and 26,000 lb. trucks is not appropriate. <bullet> FMVSS for commercial motor vehicles must preserve the traditional operating equipment for a h...

...al for testing and sale. <bullet> Requirements for the Operational Design Domain (ODD) of an automated vehicle, prohibiting an autonomous system from operating in an ODD for which it has not been approved. <bullet> Installation of data recorders on all autonomous vehicles that records performan...

...The requirement of manufacturers to inform consumers of the capabilities and limitations of highly-automated vehicles and partially-automated vehicles, including any changes to such capabilities and limitations that may result from software updates to such vehicles, as well as clear information on when o...

...o inform consumers of the capabilities and limitations of highly-automated vehicles and partially-automated vehicles, including any changes to such capabilities and limitations that may result from software updates to such vehicles, as well as clear information on when over-the-air updates occur. <b...

...ation for operating authority using an AV be made available for public review. <bullet> Fully automated driver-out operations are not permissible for the carriage of hazardous materials. Interaction With Other Laws Congress must consider issues that may arise from the relatio...

... involving AVs should be properly assigned to liable parties--such as the vehicle manufacturer or automated system manufacturer where appropriate. Workforce Impacts Congress cannot entertain any legislative package dealing with AVs that does not directly and forcefully addre...

...as efficiently handling claims. <bullet> Accident data, as well as pictures and video from an automated driving system should be available to federal and state transportation regulators, law enforcement, the parties to an accident, insurers and authorized representatives of parties to an accident. Th...

...tor vehicle safety standards should be exceedingly rare and limited to only the highest levels of automated driving and should clearly define the levels of automation to which the modification applies. Exceptions should not be made for collision protection standards or, indeed, any human safety features...

...-- It is critical to distinguish the Aurora Driver, which is being developed as an SAE Level 4 automated driving system (ADS), from SAE Levels 1 and 2 driver support features and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). SAE International developed the six Levels of Driving Automation to clarify...

...ng with the Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance (CVSA) on law enforcement inspection standards for automated trucks that could be applied consistently within the U.S., Canada, or Mexico. However, more work is needed to coordinate with Canadian and Mexican regulators to establish a framework for crossing ...

...crossing jurisdictions. Several ATA members are engaging with the U.S. Border Patrol due to their automated truck operations near the U.S.-Mexico border, and this may help the AV industry learn if/how regulations impact what is feasible. Questions from Hon. Rick Larsen to Catherine Chase, President,...

...jury toll since our founding over three decades ago. Automated, or autonomous, vehicles (AVs) and automated commercial motor vehicles (ACMVs) may be able to contribute to this goal in the future. However, this outcome will not be achieved in the absence of effective regulations setting minimum performan...

...uable data involving vehicles equipped with Level 2 advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and automated driving systems (ADS) through Standing General Order 2021-01 (SGO). The agency indicates that it believes the frequency of crashes equipped with these systems will increase. This unique information...

...n as the vehicle's identification number; manufacturer, make, and the level of automation of each automated driving system with which the vehicle is equipped; the operational design domain (ODD) of each automated driving system; and, the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS), if any, from which ...

...ted driving system with which the vehicle is equipped; the operational design domain (ODD) of each automated driving system; and, the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS), if any, from which the vehicle has been exempted. The fact remains that there is scant independently verifiable data tha...

...l and dangerous scenario if these vehicles are only subject to voluntary guidelines. In addition, automated passenger carrying CMVs which have the potential to carry as many as 53 passengers will need additional comprehensive federal rules specific to this mode of travel. At a minimum, ACMVs must be ...

...ACMV must be required to submit a safety assessment report that details the safety performance of automated driving systems and automated vehicles. Manufacturers must be required to promptly report to NHTSA all crashes involving ACMVs causing fatalities, injuries and property damage. <bullet> ACMVs ...

...t a safety assessment report that details the safety performance of automated driving systems and automated vehicles. Manufacturers must be required to promptly report to NHTSA all crashes involving ACMVs causing fatalities, injuries and property damage. <bullet> ACMVs that do not comply with Federa...

...on as the vehicle's identification number; manufacturer, make, and the level of automation of each automated driving system with which the vehicle is equipped; the ODD of each automated driving system; and the FMVSS, if any, from which the vehicle has been exempted. Also, when ACMVs move beyond testing i...

...f automation of each automated driving system with which the vehicle is equipped; the ODD of each automated driving system; and the FMVSS, if any, from which the vehicle has been exempted. Also, when ACMVs move beyond testing into deployment, they should be required to comply with the SGO. <bullet> ...

... be saving lives. To that end, Congress and the Department of Transportation must ensure that autonomous vehicle deployments are only permitted in a manner that prioritizes the safety of the traveling public, including vulnerable road users like pedestrians and cyclists. Autonomous vehicles must also be ...

...t be saving lives. To that end, Congress and the Department of Transportation must ensure that autonomous vehicle deployments are only permitted in a manner that prioritizes the safety of the traveling public, including vulnerable road users like pedestrians and cyclists. Autonomous vehicles must also be i...

...e to achieve high earnings without going into debt. Comprehensive regulations and oversight of autonomous vehicle deployment will be required to create and preserve high-quality, family-wage jobs and good working conditions for Americans whose livelihoods depend on driving. Thank you to each of our witnes...

...reciation Week. My name is Chris Urmson, and I am the CEO and cofounder of Aurora, an American autonomous vehicle technology company headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Thank you for the opportunity to testify this morning and for the subcommittee's interest in learning about and collaborating on t...

... the communities where we operate. Aurora's chief safety officer, Nat Beuse, testified at the autonomous vehicle hearing last February, and I look forward to answering questions about the progress we have made since then toward completing our safety case. I hope our commitment to transparency and safety is c...

...ive advantage and continue to invest in automated vehicle technology. After two decades in the autonomous vehicle industry, I am incredibly excited and motivated by the future in front of us as a country. I look forward to answering your questions. Thank you. [Mr. Urmson's prepared statement follow...

...orton, distinguished members of the Subcommittee, it is my honor to testify before you today. The autonomous vehicle industry appreciates the strong engagement of members of this Subcommittee on autonomous vehicle (``AV'') policy. The Autonomous Vehicle Industry Association (``AVIA'') is the unified voice of...

...e autonomous vehicle industry appreciates the strong engagement of members of this Subcommittee on autonomous vehicle (``AV'') policy. The Autonomous Vehicle Industry Association (``AVIA'') is the unified voice of the AV industry,\1\ and we represent the world's leading trucking, technology, ridesharing, auto...

... truck drivers and the goal of industry is to create more opportunity for all in our country. The autonomous vehicle industry needs America's truck drivers as partners in addressing the supply chain challenges our country faces. A growing AV industry will also continue to create new job opportunities at AV truck...

...implemented, and sold around the world by American companies. Core technologies that will drive autonomous vehicle development and deployment--LIDAR (light detection and ranging), programming, machine learning, and artificial intelligence--should be emphasized by federal agencies so that America leads in the d...

... Mr. Farrah, real quick. Monday, the California Senate passed a bill requiring a driver in any autonomous vehicle over 10,000 pounds. What is the impact of this legislation on our Nation's supply chain? Mr. Farrah. Mr. Chairman, thank you very much for the question. The bill I believe you are referrin...

... Farrah, now, I think, if I recall correctly, that you said displacement would not occur, that the autonomous vehicle companies, indeed, frequently claim that job losses in long- haul trucking will be replaced by more jobs in short-haul routes. But a recent study by the University of Michigan and Carnegie Mel...

...ly aware, for more than 2 years, through NHTSA, the Department of Transportation has required any autonomous vehicle company to report any incident, no matter how minor, when the technology is engaged. And so, specific to autonomous trucking, this is really a very remarkable safety record that we now have da...

...arent way. And so, there is not a shortage of information out there about the safety record of autonomous vehicle companies, and it is something that we are quite proud of. Mr. Larsen of Washington. You used the term ``model driver,'' and so, I just want to tee up Mr. Urmson on this one a little bit, beca...

...ompetition with China. The reality is, is that China wants to be the world leader when it comes to autonomous vehicle technology. We need to make sure that that doesn't happen. We need to make sure the United States is the global leader. It means Congress working on a bipartisan basis with FMCSA on making sur...

...ou. OK. Let me move on to Mr. Urmson. Aurora has publicly supported laws which liberalized autonomous vehicle operations, but which also impose liability on an AV certificate holder for negligence arising from the operation of Aurora Driver. Is that correct? Mr. Urmson. I believe so, yes. Mr. Johns...

...eally underscores why it is important for policymakers to support the development of the American autonomous vehicle industry. We need to make sure these jobs are here, these companies are here, we have got a robust supply chain, and we are very happy to have this conversation today. Mr. Yakym. Thank you. ...

...y's hearing is an incredibly important moment because we need to be clear as an industry that the autonomous vehicle industry needs truckdrivers. We see a strong role for coexistence. This is something where we are not a panacea. We want to be a tool to help with supply chain challenges. And so, we recognize...

...Mr. Urmson said about the standing general order. This is a robust data- reporting regime that the autonomous vehicle has lived under for more than 2 years. This information is transparently available on the NHTSA website. This is something that policymakers can look at. Certainly, our industry shares this ou...

...nt. CTA represents over 100 companies in the transportation ecosystem, including those developing autonomous vehicle (AV) technologies. Autonomous commercial motor vehicles (CMVs) have the potential to substantially improve overall road safety for drivers and roadway users. Autonomous CMVs cannot become distr...

.... It's therefore vital that the federal government strengthens its commitment to the growth of the autonomous vehicle (AV) sector to ensure we not only retain, but advance our leadership position, and make certain that the benefits of autonomous trucking can be felt in every community across the nation. The imple...

...eral agency, explicitly prohibiting the use of the terms ``self-driving vehicle/truck/car'' and ``autonomous vehicle/truck/car'' from being used by those entities marketing SAE Level 1 or Level 2 systems.\1\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ See SAE J3016, Taxonomy...

...ase, President, Advocates for Highway and Auto Safety Question 1. Currently, autonomous vehicle manufacturers are only required to disclose to the Department of Transportation when their ``driver'' is engaged and involved in a crash. NHTSA and FMCSA have launched several voluntary informatio...

...onfidence and helps identify problematic trends earlier. Question 1.a. What information should autonomous vehicle manufacturers be required to disclose to the government and make available to the public? Answer. Advocates for Highway and Auto Safety (Advocates) has been at the forefront of furthering prov...

... or a carrier’s sales representative initiating a three- way conference call or a call through an automated verification system must drop off the call once the three-way connection has been established. (iii) Requirements for content and for- mat of third party verification. Any de- scription of the carri...

... displayed on the ENS sign pursuant to §234.309. The third-party telephone service may use an automated answer - ing system for the purpose of receiving such reports. The dispatching railroad shall have a live person answer calls di - rectly and promptly from the third- party telephone service, un...

...at such a crossing from a dispatching rail - road. The third-party telephone service may use an automated answering sys - tem for the purpose of receiving such reports. The maintaining railroad shall receive reports from the third-party telephone service by either having a live person answer call...

...otential dangers to public safety and security that may be posed by emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and quantum technology. We will also hear about the actions that Congress and the Executive Branch can take to mitigate these risks, while still working to maintain the United States' technol...

...te investment in the United States have fueled the rapid growth and the power and availability of artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and other emerging technologies. Our nation is well positioned to benefit from the technological revolution that is already underway. However, bad actors will also undoubted...

...re has been considerable congressional attention paid to many of the public safety risks posed by artificial intelligence, there has been less focus on so-called catastrophic risks posed by AI, such as the ability of AI to help terrorists develop and use unconventional weapons. I am working on a framework to supp...

...onse to. Dr. Murdick, I want to take a moment to consider some of the very serious risks posed by artificial intelligence. As we heard earlier, AI can be susceptible to jailbreaks that disable guardrails and create enormous potential for dangerous outcomes. Similar catastrophic risks could come from powerful AI s...

...hat will hopefully slow down Chinese development of the types of chips needed to produce powerful artificial intelligence systems. However, these controls would have been far less effective if the Dutch and Japanese had not also added export limits for similar technologies because of their roles as market leaders ...

...nter of U.S. foreign policy, both in our response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine and also in our artificial intelligence competition with China, we are actually degrading our own ability to enforce these export controls and to assess where export control restrictions would have our intended consequences, and I think...

...d by developing AI that cannot take harmful actions in the first place. As we develop powerful artificial intelligence and it becomes even more integrated into our daily lives, I think there need to be safeguards that protect the lives of Americans. What specific research questions do we need to ask and have answ...

...area where I myself only have adjacent knowledge. I can tell you that the overall notion of using machine learning models, be that today's large language models or other things that are more specialized for chemistry, would indeed be tools that anyone would want to have in their pocket for developing those ana...

...nt. I realize, it is not like overnight we clicked on a switch and now we have AI, and we have machine learning, and before we did not. We have been having machine learning, but it has now reached a level with generative AI that is in many respects quite different than what we have known in the past. Ea...

...itch and now we have AI, and we have machine learning, and before we did not. We have been having machine learning, but it has now reached a level with generative AI that is in many respects quite different than what we have known in the past. Each of you have suggested some of the ways we might be able to...

... am glad to engage. Let me throw a dozen other things at you real quick. This whole concept of machine learning, obviously, we have had a lot of questions that come out because the government is the largest holder of data in many areas. Everyone that is involved in AI right now is coming to the government a...

... data to any one of these private entities, the question then becomes, once we hand data over for machine learning--we have handed a lot of data over. Who owns that data? Where does that data go? How could that data actually be used? Could that then be resold for all that data to go somewhere else? If there...

...d States Department of Defense, we were principally focused on application specific AI. These are machine learning systems, and they learn from data. If you want to generate an AI system that can recognize cats, you need a bunch of pictures of cats. If you want to generate an AI system that can recognize m...

...ols for this have really brought down the costs of creating high quality things. If you look at a deepfake that I could create on my laptop using an open source software package, it is superior to Hollywood movies that spent hundreds of millions of dollars on their computer-generated imagery (CGI) budg...

...s ago. This is coming in really strong. I would say that even though the politically motivated deepfake attacks that we have seen so far have been clumsy. For example, Russia's release of a Deepfake where President Zelensky of Ukraine surrendered and stated that all his forces should lay down their ...

...dered and stated that all his forces should lay down their arms. This was a really low quality deepfake that was clumsily executed. But I draw almost no comfort from that fact because we should expect malicious actors to grow in sophistication and we should expect the tools to grow in sophistication...

...attacks. The intervention that I think could be useful in this regard relates to the tools for deepfake creation. Right now, I am technically qualified to download a package of software to create deepfakes. I am not technically qualified to create that package of software. If the U.S. Government...

...a computer analysis of a video can observe this. My point is, if we were to prohibit, for example, deepfake video from replicating this blood flush phenomenon, then there would be something where for an entertainment application, it is indistinguishable to the human eye, but under technical analysis, i...

... great deal of time on in today's session relates to deepfakes. This is the use of AI to generate synthetic media that is extremely realistic and compelling. My point here is that the tools for this have really brought down the costs of creating high quality things. If you look at a deepfake that I could ...

... Cybersecurity, Information Technology, and Government Innovation. The groundbreaking power of artificial intelligence is a double-edged sword. That is nowhere more evident than in AI's capacity to generate realistic-looking images, audio, and video. The latest AI algorithms can be used to make synthetic creation...

... where our adversaries would become better at manipulating images, few imagined the pace at which automated manipulation would develop and the impact the technology would have on our society as a whole. The introduction of generative adversarial networks, or GANs, kicked off a plethora of tools that can...

..., as we hear most, the ability to generate deepfake videos. The surprise we missed perhaps is the automated tools that are becoming more accessible and user friendly. They require a lot less data and a lot less technical expertise. Open-source software can be downloaded today and run by any one of us on...

...nd other forms of entertainment, and they are being used to advance medical research as well, but deepfake technology can also be weaponized and cause great harm. It can be used to make people appear to say or do things that they have not said or done. It can be used to perpetuate various crimes, inclu...

...ere circulated by male classmates. A company that studies deepfakes found more than 90 percent of deepfake images are pornographic. Last month, the attorneys general of 54 states and territories wrote to congressional leaders urging they address how AI is being used to exploit children, specifically th...

...shown] Mr. Connolly. With that, with respect to this hearing, when most people hear the term ``deepfake,'' this image may jump to mind. While images like this, His Holiness, Pope Francis, in a puffy coat, seems innocuous, most are, as the Chairwoman just indicated, quite insidious. Take the AI-gener...

...heir weapons, also referenced by the Chairwoman, circulated on social media very widely. It was a deepfake, but thanks to Ukraine's quick response to Russian disinformation, it was quickly debunked. Welcome to the new frontier of disinformation. Politics are one realm of deepfakes, but let us look a...

...are one realm of deepfakes, but let us look at some numbers. According to one study, 96 percent of deepfake videos are of non-consensual pornography--96 percent. Another report confirmed that deepfake pornography almost exclusively targets and harms young women. Knowing this, it should be no surprise t...

...t of deepfake videos are of non-consensual pornography--96 percent. Another report confirmed that deepfake pornography almost exclusively targets and harms young women. Knowing this, it should be no surprise that the very first deepfake ever created depicted the face of a famous female celebrity superi...

...usively targets and harms young women. Knowing this, it should be no surprise that the very first deepfake ever created depicted the face of a famous female celebrity superimposed onto the body of an actor in a pornographic video. These kinds of manipulated videos are already affecting students in our ...

...in this important effort. Congress must not shy away from preventing harmful proliferation of deepfake pornography, but it is not just deepfake videos that we have to worry about. With AI, scammers have the ability to easily create audio that mimics a person's voice, matching, age, gender, and tone...

...st not shy away from preventing harmful proliferation of deepfake pornography, but it is not just deepfake videos that we have to worry about. With AI, scammers have the ability to easily create audio that mimics a person's voice, matching, age, gender, and tone. Thousands of Americans are scammed over...

... Thousands of Americans are scammed over the telephone every year using this very technology, and deepfake capabilities further exacerbate the problem. So, what can we do? AI image detecting tools are being developed and used to help verify the authenticity of machine- generated images. Other tools plac...

...e to fund essential research programs that support the development of more advanced and effective deepfake detection tools. Funding for research through DARPA and the National Science Foundation is critical. That requires a fully funded government. I once again urge all of my colleagues on this and the...

...pril, we worked with Nina Schick, an author, and Revel.ai, to launch the world's first transparent deepfake so when you actually see the video, you see the content credentials and know it is, in fact, generated by AI. This past month, we launched two other partnerships with Hugging Face to democratize ...

...ers of Congress, I appreciate the opportunity to testify before you today on the pressing issue of deepfake technology, creating and distributing computer-generated images, and voice cloning. In 2014, only a decade ago, when DARPA began the Media Forensics Program, commonly known as MediFor, the pri...

...ts real-time puppeteering to control talking heads, and, as we hear most, the ability to generate deepfake videos. The surprise we missed perhaps is the automated tools that are becoming more accessible and user friendly. They require a lot less data and a lot less technical expertise. Open-source soft...

...content provider sites. I urge you to consider legislation and regulation to address the misuse of deepfake technology as a whole. Striking the right balance between free speech and safeguards to protect against malicious uses of deepfakes is essential. First and foremost, public awareness and digit...

... privacy and consent laws are needed to protect individuals from using their likeness and voice in deepfake content without their permission, and continued research and development in AI deepfake technology are necessary, as is funding to counter deepfake misuse. We have created these problems, but ...

... voice in deepfake content without their permission, and continued research and development in AI deepfake technology are necessary, as is funding to counter deepfake misuse. We have created these problems, but I have no doubt that if we work together, we are smart enough to figure out how to solve...

...tinued research and development in AI deepfake technology are necessary, as is funding to counter deepfake misuse. We have created these problems, but I have no doubt that if we work together, we are smart enough to figure out how to solve them. I look forward to taking your questions. Ms. Mace....

...SS. Since 2018, WITNESS has led a global effort--Prepare, Don't Panic--to inclusively prepare for deepfake and related synthetic media and generative AI technologies. The capabilities and uses of deepfakes have often been overhyped, but with recent shifts, the moment to address them more comprehensivel...

...their impact. However, it is unreasonable to expect individuals to spot deceptive, yet realistic, deepfake imagery and voices. Guidance to look for the six-fingered hand or inspect visual errors in a pope in a puffer jacket does not help in the long run. Meanwhile, under resourced newsrooms and communi...

...nder pressure and do not have access to reliable tools that can detect deepfakes. That is because deepfake detection efforts are not yet reliable at scale or across multiple different ways of creating deepfakes, nor are there widely shared methods to clearly indicate how AI was used in creating content...

...uman rights would help you craft appropriate steps. Second, since people will not be able to spot deepfake content with their eyes or ears, we need solutions to proactively add and show the provenance of AI content and, if desired and under certain circumstances, human- generated content. Provenance, su...

...atement for both detection and provenance to be effective in helping the public to understand how deepfake technologies are used in the media we consume, we need a clear pipeline of responsibility that includes all the technology actors involved in the production of AI technologies more broadly, from t...

... Institute. My research focuses on civil rights law, democracy, and disinformation. Now, while deepfake technologies offer many benefits, they also threaten democratic values, and they produce harms disproportionately borne by women and communities of color. Nina Jankowitz, for example, is a 34-year...

... objectify women, especially women who have the temerity to speak out. Users can also easily find deepfake porn videos of the singer, Taylor Swift; the actress Emma Watson; and the former Fox News host, Megyn Kelly. Democratic officials, such as Kamala Harris, Nancy Pelosi, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, an...

...f anonymous eyes.'' Deepfake pornography accounts for, as you all said, over 90 percent of all deepfake videos online. Women are featured as the primary subjects of 99 percent of deepfake pornography, while men are the primary subjects in only 1 percent. Nonconsensual deepfake pornography does not s...

...percent of all deepfake videos online. Women are featured as the primary subjects of 99 percent of deepfake pornography, while men are the primary subjects in only 1 percent. Nonconsensual deepfake pornography does not simply hurt women's feelings. It is an anti-democratic form of harassment designed t...

...cent of deepfake pornography, while men are the primary subjects in only 1 percent. Nonconsensual deepfake pornography does not simply hurt women's feelings. It is an anti-democratic form of harassment designed to silence and undermine public confidence in women as legitimate public policy leaders. Dee...

...public policy leaders. Deepfake technology is also fueling racial harassment. Earlier this year, a deepfake video showed a middle school principal saying that Black students should be sent back to Africa, calling them monkeys and the ``N'' word, and threatening gun violence. User-friendly and affordabl...

...ling them monkeys and the ``N'' word, and threatening gun violence. User-friendly and affordable, deepfake technology could allow bad actors to be even more effective in dividing Americans and undermining democracy. So, when we think back to 2016, the Russians, we know, set up social media accounts...

... today, in this world, the Russians or domestic bad actors could spark social upheaval by creating deepfake videos of a white police officer shooting an unarmed Black person. Indeed, earlier this year, just before Chicago's mayoral election, a deepfake video went viral of a candidate casually suggesting...

...ing an unarmed Black person. Indeed, earlier this year, just before Chicago's mayoral election, a deepfake video went viral of a candidate casually suggesting that regular police killings of civilians was normal, and that candidate lost. Now, the private sector is definitely important, but the market a...

...but the market alone will not solve all of these problems. Initial studies, for example, show that deepfake detection systems have higher error rates for videos showing people of color. In conclusion, as deepfake technology becomes more common, women and communities of color bear increasing burdens....

...etection systems have higher error rates for videos showing people of color. In conclusion, as deepfake technology becomes more common, women and communities of color bear increasing burdens. Members of Congress should come together, understand these emerging challenges, and really take action to pr...

...se we only have 5 minutes today, so if you could just keep it brief. I am very concerned about deepfake technology being weaponized against women and children. Mr. Overton, as you made your point, the overwhelming majority of deepfakes circulating are pornographic. Most of these involve images of wo...

...e deepfakes on search engines. Just type in a name plus ``deepfakes,'' and you will come up with a deepfake of a public figure. So, addressing the responsibility of platforms within to make sure that, it is less easy to do that because at the moment, it is very hard for individuals to chase down all the...

...dam Chair. It seems we have two main issues here. One is attribution--a lot of people would see a deepfake video and not know whether it was fake or real--and the next issue is updating our legal structures to address the core purpose of them. We have revenge porn laws in many states. The update to the...

...o address this issue, and the legislative intent did not really keep in mind the possibility of a deepfake. If you cannot distinguish it, there is no difference. So, I guess my first question, Dr. Doermann, is there any way that we can, one, mandate identification to show that it is an altered imag...

...ndate creating content or creating things that require you to disclose, for example, that it is a deepfake, the adversaries and the people that are doing these bad things in the first place, they are not going to follow those rules anyway. I mean, that is a much lower bar than actually creating pornogr...

... that you could use the existing statute to file a Federal lawsuit against somebody for sharing a deepfake? Mr. Overton. There is an argument. I think the question is, does it hold water. Mr. Timmons. We have got some judges in this country that do just about anything. All right. Mr. Overton...

...l. This is a question to all of you all, and I would like to discuss how criminals are using this deepfake technology to produce child sex abuse material, just child porn. And when these criminals use this deepfake technology to make this material of children, rather than alter the images that already ...

...echnology to produce child sex abuse material, just child porn. And when these criminals use this deepfake technology to make this material of children, rather than alter the images that already exist, how can law enforcement agencies determine the age of the subject in the material? Mr. Ibrahim. Y...

...tion to basically break the glass and go through and see that content, can that not be applied to deepfake images or things that are created with it? That way, the individual would at least know that there is no truth to this image. Mr. Doermann. Absolutely, I mean, but the places that this content...

... ask, the technology is capable. We just need to identify---- Mr. Doermann. Not necessarily the deepfake part. If you do a reverse image search, for example, in a number of different sites, you can do it for the entire image, but if you take just the face of an individual, that is what we really need...

...phic, we are still not detecting the fact that it was generated with a fake. Mr. Burlison. The deepfake. You are saying that there is technology, AI, that can view videos and images and ascertain whether it is a deepfake? Mr. Doermann. Not reliably enough. Mr. Burlison. There currently is not...

...aying that there is technology, AI, that can view videos and images and ascertain whether it is a deepfake? Mr. Doermann. Not reliably enough. Mr. Burlison. There currently is not any. Mr. Doermann. This is 85 percent maybe, and every time we release a tool that detects this, our adversaries ...

...to provide information to Congress outlining efforts to monitor, identify, and disclose deceptive synthetic media content, and the public sector is already taking bold, consequential steps toward collaboration and comprehensive solutions. I applaud the efforts of the Biden Administration to secure commitm...

...ESS has led a global effort--Prepare, Don't Panic--to inclusively prepare for deepfake and related synthetic media and generative AI technologies. The capabilities and uses of deepfakes have often been overhyped, but with recent shifts, the moment to address them more comprehensively has come. First, I will c...

...Mr. Burchett. I know what it means, but maybe explain it. Mr. Ibrahim. It would be an invisible algorithm that is attached to every image that is spit out of the generator, whether it is a benign or malicious image, and which could be decoded by a law enforcement agency or has some sort of chain of c...

...ermann. Well, the biggest challenge of any of these technologies is the scale. Even if you have an algorithm that works at 99.9 percent, the amount of data that we have at scale that run through our major service providers makes the false alarm rates almost prohibitive. We need to have a business model ...

...uits if switched service is involved) will be manned continually, or where such cir - cuits are automated and will be under constant surveillance from a remote location. Circuit requirements in this level shall be limited to those nec - essary for U.S. military defense and di - plomacy, for law and...

...bparagraph (D), by inserting 12 ‘‘, including those relevant to emerging tech- 13 nologies, such as artificial intelligence, 14 microelectronics, and nano technology’’ after 15 ‘‘fields’’. 16 (iv) by redesignating subparagraphs 17 (E) and (F) as subparagraphs (F) and (H), 18 respectively; 19 (v) by inserting after subpara...

... ance computing systems featuring the ability to integrate 19 a diverse set of resources, including artificial intelligence 20 and machine learning, accelerated by quantum supercom-21 puters to enable the Department of Energy’s computing fa-22 cilities to continuously advance computing resources. Such 23 strategic plan sh...

... computational science, in- 3 cluding hardware and software, including artifi- 4 cial intelligence, machine learning and data 5 science; 6 ‘‘(D) quantum data storage, including 7 hardware and software for energy efficient data 8 centers; 9 ‘‘(E) applied mathematics and algorithm 10 development; 11 ‘‘(F) quantum com...

...ng the ability to integrate 19 a diverse set of resources, including artificial intelligence 20 and machine learning, accelerated by quantum supercom-21 puters to enable the Department of Energy’s computing fa-22 cilities to continuously advance computing resources. Such 23 strategic plan shall include the followin...

...luding 7 hardware and software for energy efficient data 8 centers; 9 ‘‘(E) applied mathematics and algorithm 10 development; 11 ‘‘(F) quantum communications and net- 12 working, including hardware and software for 13 quantum communications and networking; 14 ‘‘(G) quantum sensing and detection; 15 ‘‘(H) mat...